Trade Route

The Suez Canal, located in northern Egypt, connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, thereby uniting Europe and Asia while also providing a lifeline for world trade. The concept of a route across the Suez Isthmus has existed since antiquity, but it was not realised until the nineteenth century, ushering in a new era in international travel and transportation.

The concept of a route connecting the two seas is not new. The idea to connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea dates back to antiquity. Ancient Egyptian pharaohs, including Necho II in the sixth century BC, are claimed to have attempted to build canals via the Nile and its surrounding rivers. According to historical records, Darius I of Persia briefly resurrected one of these routes in 500 BC. Even as early as these eras, civilisations recognised the economic and geopolitical value that such a canal could provide.

However, these ancient endeavours were extremely ambitious for their time. Over the millennia, kings attempted to establish such a connection, but most were abandoned, incomplete, or no longer in use. The problem stemmed from the sheer size of the project required, along with the technological restrictions of the time. However, the seed of the notion survived, firmly entrenched in the dreams of leaders and engineers throughout history.

The notion did not mature until the mid-nineteenth century, when French politician and engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps entered the picture. De Lesseps, with the support of Egypt’s viceroy, Said Pasha, and the international financial community, set out to build a modern canal capable of meeting the industrial demands of a quickly globalising globe.

Work on the Suez Canal began officially in 1859 and would take a decade to complete, with Egyptian workers providing the majority of the hard labour. There were enormous hurdles, both political and practical. The main challenge was not overcoming a natural impediment such as a major mountain range or river, but rather crossing desert landscapes and marshlands ravaged by pestilence and severe weather. Furthermore, international issues over canal ownership and governance added to the project’s complexity.

Despite these challenges, on 17th November 1869, the world witnessed the grand opening of the Suez Canal, a technological marvel for its time. The canal was 120 miles (193 km) long and provided a direct maritime passage from Europe to Asia, promising to spare ships from the long and risky journey around Africa’s southern point via the Cape of Good Hope.

Following its grand opening, the Suez Canal quickly became one of the world’s most vital shipping routes. It lowered travel time between European and Asian ports by weeks, if not months, significantly lowering the expenses and risks connected with long marine voyages. Merchants, dealers, and governments recognised the benefits it brought to global commerce.

However, as the canal transformed global trade, its strategic value became undeniable. Controlling this new marine corridor was critical for countries that depended heavily on trade routes. Egypt, being a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, was unable to maintain complete control of the canal due to European financial interests. The British intervened, realising the value of the canal in sustaining their own empire, notably access to their valuable Indian colony. By 1882, Britain had effectively seized control of Egypt and, by consequence, the canal, notwithstanding Egypt’s apparent sovereignty.

Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the British Empire strengthened its position, realising that ownership of the canal meant direct influence over world trade and military operations. The canal became both a great tool for British imperialism and a symbol of Egypt’s subordination to foreign powers.

The twentieth century introduced new problems and ambitions for autonomy. Egypt, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, launched a surge of patriotic activities aimed at reclaiming sovereignty and authority over the canal. By the 1950s, the political environment had changed, and Nasser, seeing the canal as a source of national pride and economic patrimony, made a bold move: on 26th July 1956, he announced the nationalisation of the Suez Canal, intending to utilise toll money to construct the Aswan High Dam.

This judgement sent shockwaves through the power corridors of London, Paris, and Tel Aviv. In response, Britain, France, and Israel launched a joint military effort to reclaim control of the canal and remove Nasser’s administration. The Suez Crisis, also known as the Second Arab-Israeli War, demonstrated the decline of old colonial powers. Despite their military achievements, the triumvirate was forced to return due to tremendous political pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union. The crisis was a watershed moment in post-World War II geopolitics, indicating the end of European colonial ambitions and the rise of new superpower supremacy. Following the crisis, Egypt retained control of the canal, and Nasser rose to prominence in the Arab world, cementing Egypt’s autonomy and independence.

The Suez Canal has undergone continuous evolution in the modern age. Since its nationalisation in the 1950s, successive Egyptian presidents have recognised the canal’s essential importance to the country’s economy. Tolls from ships passing through the canal contribute significantly to Egypt’s national earnings, inextricably linking the waterway to the country’s prosperity.